From Aadhaar and UPI to AI-driven governance, digital technology has been at the heart of India’s transformation under Modi. Over the last decade, policy decisions have shaped not just digital infrastructure but also civil liberties, economic power, and governance structures. Now, with Modi’s third term well underway, this report examines the trajectory of India’s digital policies—how they’ve evolved, the power dynamics they reinforce, and the challenges ahead.

Will Modi 3.0 continue down the path of centralization, or will there be space for greater transparency and rights-based reforms? What does India’s push for Digital Public Infrastructure mean for its people and the world? This report by Sapni G K brings together expert insights to map the past, present, and possible future of Digital India.